QUESETION: What are the applications of GIS in the
following field;
Ø Decision
making
Ø Change
and Time series analysis
Ø Public
participation with GIS
Ø Urban
planning
Ø Land
cover mapping
GIS
IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS.
Spatial decision making support system (SDSS), Provide a platform for
GIS specialists to provide a service to all levels of decision makers and in
all process of decision making process.
Recent focus in GIS research has been to understand the social benefit
of the technology and to support decision making. Better informed decision
making is of itself as social benefit. The decision making process can be
structured into three major phases which are ,First the intelligence phase for example; is there a
problem or an opportunities for change ,
second the design phase for example what are the decision alternatives?,
and third is the choice phase for example which is the best alternatives.
GIS has been found to be very useful in the intelligence phase, which
involves data acquisition, storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis
capabilities and effective presentation of information for decision makers. A
number of GIS are described as system for supporting the process of designing
and evaluating spatial decision problems and some authors would even go as far
as saying GIS is a decision support system. However most commercially available GIS lack
the support analysis and modeling capability required in the design phase of
the decision making process as it involves inventing, developing and analyzing
a set of decision alternatives for the problems identified in the intelligence
phase. Spatial decision support systems
(SDSS); Any decision-making problem falls within the range from completely
structured to unstructured. Structured decision occur when the decision makers
can structure the problem and these decisions can be programmed and solved by
computers. On other hand ,unstructured decision occur when the decision makers
is unable to structure the problem and has to solve the problem without
assistance of a computer. Most of real world problems are found between these
two extreme cases these decisions are called semi-structured. Also SDSS provides a framework for
integrating the following; Database management systems, Graphical display
capabilities, Tabular reporting capabilities, Analytical modeling capabilities,
Decision makers expert knowledge.
Hence GIS it play a great role in decision making process in GIS project
or research to GIS spatial data during
problem solving which mainly falls into a structured decision as problems are
solved by using computers.
APPLICATION OF GIS ON CHANGE AND TIME
SIRIES ANALYSIS
Time-series data
analysis is commonly used in a research of population growth, changes in
commerce, etc. Such a research needs topographic maps and statistics, but each
type of data has not been well co-related. When using topographic maps for
time-series analysis, we must observe the maps very carefully to make
comparison and detect changes over a long time. Recently, GIS has been widely
used to analyze the growth of urban areas such as Tokyo. In these analyses, the
data generally used is grid data. But it is difficult to analyze city growth in
GIS. Because it is not efficiency to use the data species and we don’t have the
method how to analyze the city growth. Thus, fractal theory could analyze the
city growth in GIS. For example, Tokyo is growth from central in the city to
fringe areas; it is increasing the fractal value. So, we could analyze to
time-series map data analysis in GIS. These maps are commonly used in various
fields such as tourism, education, business, etc. They have been also used in
research, in cartography in particular, because changes in the shape,
enlargement, densification of a city can be understood by comparing maps which
were produce in different time periods. However, quantitative change cannot be
explained by this method. Therefore, statistical values such as population and
area have often been used to analyze quantitative change of a city.
Quantitative analysis
can be performed if digital data of maps is available. However, at present,
digital data of the past maps are not readily available. In addition, there is
no proper method for comparison. Because of these reasons, quantitative
analysis has been difficult to use. As to data, if we have mesh data, we can
easily compare the present with the past. For example, if we have land use data
in digital forms (Fig.1), we can extract change of a particular mesh and detect
change between the two time periods (Fig.2). This mesh method has been the only
method that enables us to make comparison between the two times period.
Consider the figures below,
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
WITH GIS
Application of
Geographic Information System in Public participation; The use of GIS has been
furthered by members of public and private sectors who believe that access to
computer tools and digital data forms an essential part of an informational
enabled democracy. Attributing empowerment to technology is not new’ GIS has
sparked interest for three main reasons.
First, most information used in policy
making, whether with regard to crime, land using planning, environmental health
,habitat conservation, or social services provision, contains spatial
component, examples address, zip code and latitude and longitude.
Second; extend use of spatial information in
relevant stakeholders maybe may lead to better policy making.
Third;
Policy related information can be analyzed and visualized spatially, and
results output (mainly maps) can convey ideas and convince people on the that ideas.
The Public participation in GIS plays significant roles through four themes
include; place and people, technology and data, process and outcome and evaluation.
Place and people; Public Participation Geographic Information must consider
specific contexts, stakeholder and other actors as well as general public.
Stakeholders bring knowledge or information and possess the power to influence
decision or program. Technology and data; Most individual researchers and
practitioners concentrate on available equipment and specific data sets. It involves
accessibility of data and representations of knowledge. In term of data
accessibility, most spatial data available to PPGIS projects are created by
public sectors.
Representation
of knowledge is particularly critical where local knowledge is to be integrated
for example indigenous spatial knowledge into building of GIS database. Process;
PPGIS has added value in several stages in decision making process, improving
the articulation of stakeholders’ views, increase individuals’ or groups’
understanding of technology, making complex decisions more transparent and
better resourced organization.
The outcomes and evaluation; The ability
to assess the contribution of GIS to stated goal can predict the resources that
will be available for and devoted to PPGIS projects. Conservation
organizations, in particular, report direct correlations between their ability
to prove that GIS is crucial to preserving the environment and their ability to
obtain funding.
URBAN PLANNING
Conveyers
and Hills (1984) define planning as ‘a continuous process which involves
decision and choices, about normative ways of using available resources, with
the aim of achieving particular goals at some time in future. Urban planning is
also popularly known as Town Planning. It encompasses many different
disciplines attempts to accomplish sustainable, user-friendly, economic and
social organization of all elements of a town, city or any other urban
environment. It has to take care of the residents’ housing, employment,
recreation, trade and business, sanitation, mobility and communication besides
preserving the natural and built heritage of the place. In the next section, we
shall briefly browse through the history of planning from that of ancient cities
to its present form.
Urban Planning, it is the design and
regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic
functions, and social impacts of the urban environment and on the location of
different activities within it. Because urban planning draws upon engineering,
architectural, and social and political concerns, it is variously a technical
profession, an endeavor involving political will and public participation, and
an academic discipline. Urban planning concerns itself with both the
development of open land (Greenfield sites) and the revitalization of existing
parts of the city, thereby involving goal setting, data collection and
analysis, forecasting, design, strategic thinking, and public consultation.
There are many other specialized streams of planning that constitute urban
planning (environmental planning, transport planning, land use planning, and
housing). Regional planning involves planning at a larger scale, comprising of
both urban and rural planning. Generally, GIS can help to the following aspect
in urban planning; Improved mapping, with a single repository for current and historical data
and maps, GIS can improve map currency (whether or not a map is up-to-date), increase the efficacy
of thematic mapping, and lower expenditures for data storage. Increased access to
vital information, desktop GIS makes it easier
to store, manage, and access data from a variety of sources. For example,
Cloud GIS offers that same
benefit, while enabling access from any device.
Improved
communication, with a unified system for
data storage and management, internal parties can access the information they
need immediately rather than sifting through documents, hard drives, or trying
to track down data across departments. Increased quality and efficiency
for public services , GIS can be used to create a public facing
portal , opening the flow of information between government organizations and the public. Government officials can
share information quickly, while members of the public have self-serve access
to the information they need
LAND COVER MAPPING
Land cover maps represent spatial information
on different types (classes) of physical coverage of the Earth's surface, e.g.
forests, grasslands, croplands, lakes, wetlands. Dynamic land cover maps
include transitions of land cover classes over time and hence capture land
cover changes. Land use maps contain spatial information on the arrangements,
activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce,
change or maintain it. Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding
the human activity with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Land use refers to man’s activities
and the varied uses which are carried on over land and land cover refers to
natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others noticed
on the land. GIS considerably simplifies territorial planning
operating analyzing necessary data concerning their spatial relationship that
allows carrying out complex assessment of the situation and creates a basis for
adoption of more exact and scientifically reasonable decisions in the course of
land use. To assess the current land use situation and the possibility of
modeling possible future changes associated with complex of adopted measures
GIS allows the integration of diverse spatial data, for example, data about
soils, climate, vegetation, and other and also to visualize available
information in the form of maps, graphs or charts, 3D models. For the purposes
of land use GIS allow using data of remote sensing, which allows to make
monitoring of anthropogenic influence in a particular area and estimate scales
and rates of degradation of green cover, flora and fauna. Assessment of land
use can be made in complex or component wise, indicating the test sites depending
on the goals. GIS make it easy to model spatial distribution of various types
of pollution of stationary and mobile sources in soil, atmosphere and the
hydrological network. Based on results of the analysis made by GIS choose the
optimal solutions of land use that provide the minimum impact on environment,
make optimal decisions of conflict associated with land use and control of
their using. One of the major advantages of using GIS is possibility of the
complex analysis in concrete existential aspect. Analytical opportunities of
GIS define conditionality of spatial distribution of objects and interrelation
communication between them
Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m: collection 3: epoch 2019: Globe
Conyers,
D. & Hills, P. (1984). An Introductory to Development Planning in Third World. New York.
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